It was a major mission for Jesuit missionaries to address the Doctrine of Trinity in the Chinese Catholic Church during the late-Ming period. The rise of the doctrine lay in the publication of Jiaoyao jielue in 1615 by Alfonso Vagnoni. Vagnoni’s catechism was the very text that extensively propagated the Doctrine of Trinity for the first time in the history of Chinese Catholic Church. By the era of Matteo Ricci, died in 1610, the Chinese Church was immature when it comes to conveying a systematic introduction of the doctrine to the local catecumens. Formerly Matteo Ricci initiated the introduction of the doctrine in his publication of Tianzhu jiaoyao in 1605, noteworthy as a genre of Doctrina Christiana, but it was limited in explicating the complex discussions on the doctrine. The rise of the Doctrine of Trinity happened after the generation of Ricci, and it tells that the second-generation Church during the late Ming was becoming more mature. It is particularly remarkable that a significant number of Catholic elite converts including the famous “Three Pillars” were active in the period, which was a good reflection of growing church community, both quantitative and qualitative. The rise of the Doctrine of Trinity in mid 1610s reflects the confidence of the second-generation Jesuits in China who were inspired by the growth of the church.